Zindagānī-yi Mālik al-Mutakallimīn

This biographical study chronicles the life of Mālik al-Mutakallimīn, the celebrated Iranian orator and constitutionalist martyr whose execution in 1908 marked one of the darkest episodes of the Qājār period. Born Mīrzā Muḥammad Ḥusayn Furūghī Iṣfahānī, he rose to prominence as a fearless preacher who wielded rhetoric against tyranny. A pivotal figure in the Constitutional Revolution, he championed liberty, justice, and popular sovereignty at a time when such advocacy carried mortal risk. The account reconstructs his intellectual formation, his revolutionary activities in anjumans and constitutional circles, his oratory in the mosques of Tihrān and Iṣfahān, and his fate when royalist forces bombarded the Majlis. Written by his son Mahdī Malakʹzādah, this work combines filial devotion with scholarly rigour, drawing on firsthand family testimony and contemporary sources to offer an intimate portrait of a man who embodied the ideals of freedom and human dignity in Īrān's modern history.