The magazine "Bahār", published by Yūsuf Iʻtiṣāmī (Iʻtiṣām al-Mulk Āshtiyānī), is one of the most important and influential publications in the history of Iranian press. It was published in two periods:

• First period: From Rabīʻ al-Thānī 1328 AH (April 1910 AD) to Dhū al-Qiʻdah 1329 AH (October 1911 AD).
• Second period: From Shaʻbān 1339 AH (April 1921 AD) to Jumādá al-Ūlá 1341 AH (December 1922 AD).

The magazine was published monthly and contained 64 pages. The issues published in each period were 17 and 16, respectively.

Content:

The magazine "Bahār" covered scientific, literary, ethical, historical, and artistic subjects. Most of the magazine's content was written or translated by Yūsuf Iʻtiṣāmī, and a large portion was dedicated to Western culture. This magazine was known for its modern and European style and paid special attention to contemporary literature and literary criticism.

Among the prominent writers and poets who contributed to this magazine were Mīrzā Riz̤ā Khān Mudabbir al-Mamālik and ʻAbbās Khalīlī. The magazine's various sections included articles, poems, short stories, and news, with each section addressing specific topics.

Editorial Policies:

The main objective of Bahār magazine was to provide a suitable platform for important scientific, literary, ethical, historical, and artistic topics and to offer valuable information to the general public. This magazine paid special attention to public education and familiarising people with European scientific and technological developments. It also addressed topics related to modernism and constitutionalism.

Impact and Legacy:

The "Bahār" magazine had a significant cultural, social, and political impact during its publication and left a lasting legacy in Iranian history and literature. It was influential in promoting the Persian language and literature, introducing new ideas, and fostering intellectual and social awakening. Bahār is recognised as one of the pioneering publications in the history of the Iranian press and substantially influenced subsequent publications.

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