Tamaddun, Rūznāmah-i (Qājār) – Collection of 6 years, including 124 issues

The newspaper Tamaddun, under the proprietorship and editorship of Mudabbir al-Mamālik, was established in Tehran, with its first issue printed and distributed on 17 Dhū al-Ḥijjah al-Ḥarām 1324 AH at the Khurshīd lithographic press. According to a special notice in the first issue of the first year, the newspaper was published once a week for the first two months and subsequently twice a week. The newspaper's office initially resided at the Khurshīd press, moved to the Majlis press from issue number 7 onwards, then relocated to Lālah-zār Street, and in the fourth year, it was moved to Nāṣirīyah Street.

In the first issue, above the title "Tamaddun," the phrase "Huwa Allāh Ḥasbī" was inscribed, and from the second issue, "Āʾīnah Millī" was registered. Furthermore, beneath the title in each issue, two lines were printed for the introduction of the newspaper: "This newspaper, acting as a disinterested national mirror of hidden revelations, aims to present ways for the country's reform and the nation's prosperity, strengthen the foundations of equality and freedom, and disseminate noteworthy points for the Honourable Members of the National Consultative Assembly. Public benefit articles will be accepted and published."

The contents of the newspaper typically dedicated the first and second columns of the front page to the editorial, written by the director. Following the editorial, news concerning the constitution, the public's requests from parliamentary representatives, and urban news were included. Mudabbir al-Mamālik, knowledgeable about the parliamentary and social systems of European countries and familiar with Western diplomacy, managed during the newspaper's lifespan to present beneficial articles to enhance the understanding of constitutionalism and democracy. Generally, the contents of Tamaddun were similar to those of other newspapers at the start of the constitutional period. The first year of Tamaddun concluded with the publication of issue number 80 dated 11 Rabīʻ al-Thānī 1326 AH, corresponding to 13 May 1908 AD. In the second year, 14 issues were published, with the last issue on 11 Jumādā al-Awwal 1326 AH, which led to the newspaper's closure. Thus, the first period of Tamaddun comprised a total of 94 issues.

Tamaddun continued its publication until the shelling of the Majlis, after which it ceased like other newspapers, and its director fled Iran. The late Mudabbir al-Mamālik's profound passion for freedom prompted him to resume publishing the newspaper upon reaching India, and he reissued it under the same name during his stay there. One issue was published in Bombay, India (Ramaḍān 1326 AH) with the assistance of Sayyid Jalāl al-Dīn Mu'ayyid al-Islām, and another in Rasht (29 Rabīʻ al-Thānī 1327 AH). Following the capture of Tehran, the first issue of the fourth year was published in Shawwāl 1328 AH.

Available issues:

• 1324 H.Q. (2 Issues, Vol. 1, No. 1-2)
• 1325 H.Q. (48 Issues, Vol. 1, No. 3-50)
• 1326 H.Q. (44 Issues, Vol. 1, No. 51-80; Vol. 2, No. 1-14)
• 1327 H.Q. (2 Issues, Vol. 3, No. 1,13)
• 1328 H.Q. (8 Issues, Vol. 4, No. 1-8)
• 1329 H.Q. (20 Issues, Vol. 4, No. 9-28)