Tārīkh-i khulafā-yi Shīʻah: 28 khalīfah-yi Shīʻah dar guz̲argāh-i tārīkh

Written by Riz̤ā Ghulāmī, this study profiles twenty-eight Shīʻī figures who exercised caliphal authority across wide swathes of the Islamic world. The first chapter treats the Rāshidūn-era caliphates of ʻAlī and Ḥasan, examining their aims and conduct in office. The second surveys the fourteen Fāṭimid caliphs of Egypt and the splendid civilisation they built there. The third traces the Idrīsid caliphate descended from Ḥasan ibn ʻAlī in al-Andalus, a region long dominated by Umayyad rule, and the remarkable feat of establishing a Shīʻī-aligned caliphate there. The fourth chapter addresses Ibn Tūmart's movement across North Africa and the influence of Shīʻī doctrines of expectation and the infallible Imam on the region's Sunnī population, a belief underpinning the powerful Almohad state. The final chapter introduces the ʻAbbasid caliphs al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh and al-Mustanṣir bi-Allāh, whose reigns display marked Shīʻī inclinations.